Skip to main content

algebraic manipulation - Limiting form of a polynomial expression


When simplifying an expression by hand, a trick that is often used is to remove terms that are lower powers of the independent variable, for instance, as $x \rightarrow \infty$,


$x^2 + x$



becomes simply


$x^2$


I am trying to replicate this functionality in Mathematica. Limit seems like an obvious choice, but


Limit[x^2 + x, x -> ∞]

simply returns $∞$ (not terribly helpful). Another option is Series, but it seems that one has to pass the highest power in the expression to get the desired result, with


Normal@Series[x^2 + x, {x, ∞, -2}]

returning the expected $x^2$. However, this does not work in general for more complicated expressions, when the highest power may not be so obvious. Consider the following example:


$\frac{x^2+x}{x+1}$



Mathematica code


(x^2+x)/(x+1)

We expect that the limiting form of this expression as $x \rightarrow \infty$ should be $x$ (the top becomes $x^2$, the bottom becomes $x$, and this then simplifies to $x$). However, if you just use the highest power available, Series returns 0 (you have to actually use Normal@Series[x^2 + x, {x, ∞, -1}]).


My question is, can anyone produce a generalized piece of code that can produce a limiting expression? It would be good if the procedure handled the other extreme as well, when the variable in question approaches 0 (in which case $x^2 + x$ would simplify to $x$).


Edit: It seems that the main issue for the solutions presented so far is that the form of the expression is not consistent. These operations are relatively easy to perform by hand, but sometimes tedious, which is why it would be nice to have Mathematica do it for me! Here's a pathological example that I can reduce by hand and for which the accepted solution should be able to return the correct result:


$\frac{\sqrt{x^3 + x}}{x^5 + x + 1} \frac{x^2}{x^{10} + x} + \frac{x^5 + x}{x}$


Mathematica code


Sqrt[x^3 + x]/(x^5 + x + 1) x^2/(x^10 + x) + (x^5 + x)/x


(The right answer is $x^4$)



Answer



The solution to this requires just a minor modification of my answer here:


ClearAll[limitingTerm1]
SetAttributes[limitingTerm1, HoldAll]
limitingTerm1[expr_, var_Symbol, func_] := var^Exponent[#, var, func] &@Simplify[expr]

This gives the right answer for both the examples provided by the OP:


limitingTerm1[(x^2 + x)/(x + 1), x, Max]
(* x *)


limitingTerm1[Sqrt[x^3 + x]/(x^5 + x + 1) x^2/(x^10 + x) + (x^5 + x)/x, x, Max]
(* x^4 *)



One can now generalize this to polynomials with arbitrary coefficients. It works as a two-pass approach, where the second pass is applied to the result of the first if its denominator still contains an x term. This seems to work very well in examples I've tested, but it might be possible to find edge cases where it doesn't work. Nevertheless, some modifications and extensions along these lines should help solve it.


ClearAll[limitingTerm2]
SetAttributes[limitingTerm2, HoldAll]
limitingTerm2[expr_, var_Symbol, func_] := Module[{term},
term := With[{pow = Exponent[#, var, func]}, Coefficient[#, var, pow] var^pow] &;

If[FreeQ[Denominator@#, x], #, term@Apart@#] &@term@Simplify[expr]
]

limitingTerm2[(a x^2 + bx)/(d + c x), x, Max]
(* (a x)/c *)

It also gives the correct answer for the other examples above.


Comments

Popular posts from this blog

plotting - How to draw lines between specified dots on ListPlot?

I would like to create a plot where I have unconnected dots and some connected. So far, I have figured out how to draw the dots. My code is the following: ListPlot[{{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {4, 4}, {1, 4}, {2, 5}, {3, 6}, {4, 7}, {1, 7}, {2, 8}, {3, 9}, {4, 10}, {1, 10}, {2, 11}, {3, 12}, {4,13}, {2.5, 7}}, Ticks -> {{1, 2, 3, 4}, None}, AxesStyle -> Thin, TicksStyle -> Directive[Black, Bold, 12], Mesh -> Full] I have thought using ListLinePlot command, but I don't know how to specify to the command to draw only selected lines between the dots. Do have any suggestions/hints on how to do that? Thank you. Answer One possibility would be to use Epilog with Line : ListPlot[ {{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {4, 4}, {1, 4}, {2, 5}, {3, 6}, {4, 7}, {1, 7}, {2, 8}, {3, 9}, {4, 10}, {1, 10}, {2, 11}, {3, 12}, {4, 13}, {2.5, 7}}, Ticks -> {{1, 2, 3, 4}, None}, AxesStyle -> Thin, TicksStyle -> Directive[Black, Bold, 12], Mesh -> Full, Epilog -> { Line[ ...

equation solving - Invert and fit implicitly defined curve

I need to fit an implicitly defined curve. I thought I could get some data out of Solve , and then using FindFit . Therefore, I would like to find the relation the parametric curve defined by $F(x,y)=0$: Solve[-(1/2) + 1/2 (0.41202 BesselK[0, 0.1 Sqrt[x^2 + y^2]] + (0.101483 x BesselK[1, 0.1 Sqrt[x^2 + y^2]])/Sqrt[x^2 + y^2]) == 0, y] But I can't get an output: Solve was unable to solve the system with inexact coefficients or the system obtained by direct rationalization of inexact numbers present in the system. Since many of the methods used by Solve require exact input, providing Solve with an exact version of the system may help. >> Edit: In particular, I would like to fit the data coming from the curve with the expression of another curve, and not with a function $f(x)$. In particular, since this clearly looks like a cardioid , I would like it to fit to something like it. What other strategies could I try?

dynamic - How can I make a clickable ArrayPlot that returns input?

I would like to create a dynamic ArrayPlot so that the rectangles, when clicked, provide the input. Can I use ArrayPlot for this? Or is there something else I should have to use? Answer ArrayPlot is much more than just a simple array like Grid : it represents a ranged 2D dataset, and its visualization can be finetuned by options like DataReversed and DataRange . These features make it quite complicated to reproduce the same layout and order with Grid . Here I offer AnnotatedArrayPlot which comes in handy when your dataset is more than just a flat 2D array. The dynamic interface allows highlighting individual cells and possibly interacting with them. AnnotatedArrayPlot works the same way as ArrayPlot and accepts the same options plus Enabled , HighlightCoordinates , HighlightStyle and HighlightElementFunction . data = {{Missing["HasSomeMoreData"], GrayLevel[ 1], {RGBColor[0, 1, 1], RGBColor[0, 0, 1], GrayLevel[1]}, RGBColor[0, 1, 0]}, {GrayLevel[0], GrayLevel...