Skip to main content

differential equations - Initial condition trouble with NDSolve for a 2nd order PDE


In general, when solving a 2nd order PDE (such as the wave equation below) for $$u(x,t), \quad x \in(-\infty,\infty), \: t\in (0,\infty)$$ it should be sufficient to provide initial conditions $u(x,0)$ and $\partial_t u(x,0)$. However when I try solve this numerically in Mathematica


NDSolve[{D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] == D[u[x, t], {x, 2}], 
u[x, 0] == E^(-x^2), Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == 1}, u, {x, -7, 7}, {t, 0, 4}]

I get the error


NDSolve::bcart: Warning: an insufficient number of boundary conditions 
have been specified for the direction of independent variable x.

Artificial boundary effects may be present in the solution.

The only thing I can think of is that when solving numerically I have introduced fictitious new boundaries to the problem by simply specifying a finite range {x,-7,7}. If this is the problem, how do I get around it? (NB the real PDE I'm trying to solve is more complicated and does not describe localized waves).


Also, oddly, if I take out the second I.C.


Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == 1

It doesn't complain but it seems to invent its own boundary conditions and gives the wrong solution.


Edit: the actual PDE I'm solving is of the form $$ -\partial_t^2\phi + \sqrt{\frac{2M}{r}} \left( \frac{3}{2r}\partial_t\phi + 2\partial_t \partial_r \phi \right) + \frac{1}{r^2} \partial_r \left[ r (r-2M)\partial_t \phi\right] -m^2\phi =0,$$


with the initial conditions $\phi(r>>1, t) = 10 - t^{1/3} $ and \partial_r\phi(r>>1,t) = 0$. Any tips regarding the best way to get around the issues above in this case would be amazing.




Comments

Popular posts from this blog

front end - keyboard shortcut to invoke Insert new matrix

I frequently need to type in some matrices, and the menu command Insert > Table/Matrix > New... allows matrices with lines drawn between columns and rows, which is very helpful. I would like to make a keyboard shortcut for it, but cannot find the relevant frontend token command (4209405) for it. Since the FullForm[] and InputForm[] of matrices with lines drawn between rows and columns is the same as those without lines, it's hard to do this via 3rd party system-wide text expanders (e.g. autohotkey or atext on mac). How does one assign a keyboard shortcut for the menu item Insert > Table/Matrix > New... , preferably using only mathematica? Thanks! Answer In the MenuSetup.tr (for linux located in the $InstallationDirectory/SystemFiles/FrontEnd/TextResources/X/ directory), I changed the line MenuItem["&New...", "CreateGridBoxDialog"] to read MenuItem["&New...", "CreateGridBoxDialog", MenuKey["m", Modifiers-...

How to thread a list

I have data in format data = {{a1, a2}, {b1, b2}, {c1, c2}, {d1, d2}} Tableform: I want to thread it to : tdata = {{{a1, b1}, {a2, b2}}, {{a1, c1}, {a2, c2}}, {{a1, d1}, {a2, d2}}} Tableform: And I would like to do better then pseudofunction[n_] := Transpose[{data2[[1]], data2[[n]]}]; SetAttributes[pseudofunction, Listable]; Range[2, 4] // pseudofunction Here is my benchmark data, where data3 is normal sample of real data. data3 = Drop[ExcelWorkBook[[Column1 ;; Column4]], None, 1]; data2 = {a #, b #, c #, d #} & /@ Range[1, 10^5]; data = RandomReal[{0, 1}, {10^6, 4}]; Here is my benchmark code kptnw[list_] := Transpose[{Table[First@#, {Length@# - 1}], Rest@#}, {3, 1, 2}] &@list kptnw2[list_] := Transpose[{ConstantArray[First@#, Length@# - 1], Rest@#}, {3, 1, 2}] &@list OleksandrR[list_] := Flatten[Outer[List, List@First[list], Rest[list], 1], {{2}, {1, 4}}] paradox2[list_] := Partition[Riffle[list[[1]], #], 2] & /@ Drop[list, 1] RM[list_] := FoldList[Transpose[{First@li...

mathematical optimization - Minimizing using indices, error: Part::pkspec1: The expression cannot be used as a part specification

I want to use Minimize where the variables to minimize are indices pointing into an array. Here a MWE that hopefully shows what my problem is. vars = u@# & /@ Range[3]; cons = Flatten@ { Table[(u[j] != #) & /@ vars[[j + 1 ;; -1]], {j, 1, 3 - 1}], 1 vec1 = {1, 2, 3}; vec2 = {1, 2, 3}; Minimize[{Total@((vec1[[#]] - vec2[[u[#]]])^2 & /@ Range[1, 3]), cons}, vars, Integers] The error I get: Part::pkspec1: The expression u[1] cannot be used as a part specification. >> Answer Ok, it seems that one can get around Mathematica trying to evaluate vec2[[u[1]]] too early by using the function Indexed[vec2,u[1]] . The working MWE would then look like the following: vars = u@# & /@ Range[3]; cons = Flatten@{ Table[(u[j] != #) & /@ vars[[j + 1 ;; -1]], {j, 1, 3 - 1}], 1 vec1 = {1, 2, 3}; vec2 = {1, 2, 3}; NMinimize[ {Total@((vec1[[#]] - Indexed[vec2, u[#]])^2 & /@ R...