Skip to main content

plotting - How can I draw a 3D cross-section of a 3-torus embedded in 4D Euclidean space?


I have a $3$-torus ($\mathbf S^1\times\mathbf S^1\times \mathbf S^1$) embedded in 4D Euclidean space. How can I draw the cross-section of this $3$-torus cut by a 3D Euclidean space in an arbitrary direction? The equations are:


$$\begin{align*} x &= (r + (t + d\cos\,a)\cos\,b)\cos\,c\\ y &= (r + (t + d\cos\,a)\cos\,b)\sin\,c\\ z &= (t + d\cos\,a)\sin\,b\\ w &= d\sin\,a \end{align*}$$


where $x,y,z,w$ are the orthogonal coordinates in 4D space, $r,t,d$ are the radii of three circles, and $a,b,c$ denote the angles of the point with respect to the three circles.



Answer



Take $r=1, t=5, d=10$ for example:



r = 1; t = 5; d = 10;

The parametric equation for the 3-torus is given by:


torus3 = {(r + (t + d Cos[a]) Cos[b]) Cos[c],
(r + (t + d Cos[a]) Cos[b]) Sin[c],
(t + d Cos[a]) Sin[b], d Sin[a]};

Suppose the plane is determined by its normal $\mathbf n$ and a point $\mathbf o$ on it:


\[DoubleStruckN] = Normalize[RandomReal[{0, 1}, 4]]
\[DoubleStruckO] = RandomReal[{-.5, .5}, 4]



{0.0266919, 0.556735, 0.561821, 0.611302}
{-0.4925, 0.182885, -0.174828, 0.394413}

So the cross section gives a constraint on $a, b, c$, which is $(\text{torus3}-\mathbf{o})\cdot\mathbf{n}=0$, which then defines a contour surface paraRegion in 3D Euclidean space (didn't take the full $[0, 2\pi]$ ranges, so later we can see some inner structure of the cross section surface):


paraRegion = 
ContourPlot3D[
Evaluate[(torus3 - \[DoubleStruckO]).\[DoubleStruckN] == 0],
{a, .4 π, 2π - .93 π}, {b, 0, 2 π-.1 π}, {c, 0, 2 π - .2 π},

PlotRange -> All,
ColorFunction -> Function[{a, b, c, f}, Hue[b, c, a]],
PlotPoints -> 6, MaxRecursion -> 2,
BoundaryStyle -> Directive[{Thickness[.01], GrayLevel[.7]}],
MeshFunctions -> {#1 &, #2 &, #3 &},
MeshStyle -> {RGBColor[1, .5, .5], RGBColor[.5, 1, .5], RGBColor[.5, .5, 1]},
Lighting -> "Neutral",
AxesLabel -> (Style[#, 20, Bold] & /@ {a, b, c})]

initial contour surface



Thanks to the plane, we can reduce the cross section into 3D Euclidean space:


crossEq = RotationMatrix[{\[DoubleStruckN], {0, 0, 0, 1}}].torus3 // Most

So we can further transform the feasible $(a,b,c)$ set paraRegion to the cross section surface we want:


Cases[paraRegion,
GraphicsComplex[pts_, others_,
opts1___, VertexNormals -> vn_, opts2___] :>
GraphicsComplex[
Function[{a, b, c}, Evaluate[crossEq]] @@ # & /@ pts,
others, opts1, opts2], ∞][[1]] // Graphics3D[#,

Axes -> True, PlotRange -> All, Lighting -> "Neutral"] &

3-torus with cut-away



Please beware that there are disadvantages of the above method, because Polygons in the cross section surface are directly inherited from the feasible parameter surface. To make sure this is correct, an assumption has to be made that the cross section surface must be continuous over the whole of paraRegion.


Comments

Popular posts from this blog

plotting - How to draw lines between specified dots on ListPlot?

I would like to create a plot where I have unconnected dots and some connected. So far, I have figured out how to draw the dots. My code is the following: ListPlot[{{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {4, 4}, {1, 4}, {2, 5}, {3, 6}, {4, 7}, {1, 7}, {2, 8}, {3, 9}, {4, 10}, {1, 10}, {2, 11}, {3, 12}, {4,13}, {2.5, 7}}, Ticks -> {{1, 2, 3, 4}, None}, AxesStyle -> Thin, TicksStyle -> Directive[Black, Bold, 12], Mesh -> Full] I have thought using ListLinePlot command, but I don't know how to specify to the command to draw only selected lines between the dots. Do have any suggestions/hints on how to do that? Thank you. Answer One possibility would be to use Epilog with Line : ListPlot[ {{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}, {4, 4}, {1, 4}, {2, 5}, {3, 6}, {4, 7}, {1, 7}, {2, 8}, {3, 9}, {4, 10}, {1, 10}, {2, 11}, {3, 12}, {4, 13}, {2.5, 7}}, Ticks -> {{1, 2, 3, 4}, None}, AxesStyle -> Thin, TicksStyle -> Directive[Black, Bold, 12], Mesh -> Full, Epilog -> { Line[ ...

list manipulation - Selecting multiple columns from a matrix?

Sample data: data = { {{2013, 1, 1}, 24.13, 167.67, 231.82}, {{2013, 1, 2}, 32.15, 170.92, 225.99}, {{2013, 1, 3}, 35.43, 172.68, 221.67}, {{2013, 1, 4}, 36.73, 173.05, 218.32}, {{2013, 1, 5}, 58.19, 165.96, 197.05}, {{2013, 1, 6}, 69.99, 163.50, 187.52}, {{2013, 1, 7}, 71.37, 154.21, 175.58}, {{2013, 1, 8}, 72.51, 149.66, 163.25}}; I want a DateListPlot with three graphs, so for a matrix formed by columns 1 and 2, one for columns 1 and 3, and 1 for columns 1 and 4. At the moment I'm using this code: data2 = Transpose[{data[[All, 1]], data[[All, 2]]}]; data3 = Transpose[{data[[All, 1]], data[[All, 3]]}]; data4 = Transpose[{data[[All, 1]], data[[All, 4]]}]; DateListPlot[{data2, data3, data4}, Joined -> True, Filling -> {3 -> {1}}] but I have a hunch that this can be done more efficiently. I don't like the Transpose s in particular. Any ideas? edit (for extra credit) What if I need to multiply the second column by 2, which in my solution is simp...

plotting - How to draw some 2D curves in a 3D plot?

I want to plot several 2D curves ( Sin[x] at y=0 , Cos[x] at y=1 ) in a 3D plot, what function should i use? f[x_, y_] := Piecewise[{{0, y 0}, {Sin[x], y == 0}}] g[x_, y_] := Piecewise[{{0, y 1}, {Cos[x], y == 1}}] Plot3D[{f[x, y], g[x, y]}, {x, 0, 10}, {y, 0, 10}] doesn't work. Any ideas? Answer ParametricPlot3D[{{Sin[u], 0, u}, {Cos[u], 1, u}}, {u, 0, 20}, BoxRatios -> 1, PlotRange -> {{-2, 2}, {-.5, 2}, {0, 20}}] === update - general thoughts === I've seen the comments to this question and a few other approaches to the waterfall (or wire) plot are given in this question: Plotting several functions . Also I cannot not mention one of my favorite Mathematica blogs - Archery with this post on the story of discovery of 1st pulsar and an its infamous graphics - code is given in the post: