Skip to main content

differential equations - Using WhenEvent to Change the Sign of a Constant


I am attempting to change the sign of a constant when a certain condition is met during a numerical integration. Here is the code:


μk = 0.3; g = 9.81; R = 1; ti = 0; m = 0.3;

EOM = -μk (R θ'[t]^2 + g Sin[θ[t]]) +
g Cos[θ[t]] == R θ''[t];
IC1 = θ'[0] == 0; IC2 = θ[0] == 0;


sol = NDSolve[{EOM, IC1, IC2,
WhenEvent[θ'[t] == 0, {μk = -μk; tf = t;
"RestartIntegration"}]}, θ[t], {t, ti, ∞}];

θ = θ[t] /. sol;
θd = D[θ[t] /. sol, t];
Plot[{θ, θd}, {t, ti, tf}]

The problem lies in the fact that it is not dissipating as it should. θ should start to approach Pi/2. Instead it oscillates on to Infinity.



Note: I discovered that I cannot simply use Sign[θ'[t]] since the value is crossing zero. A zero value is undesirable in my case.


Slider System


Here is an image of the system being modeled.



Answer



The code has three issues. First, μk cannot be changed during the computation unless it is designated by DiscreteVariables. Second, the list of actions to be taken by WhenEvent needs to be separated by commas, not semicolons. Third, the upper limit of integration cannot be infinity. With these changes, the code becomes


g = 9.81; R = 1; ti = 0; m = 0.3;

EOM = -μk [t] (R θ'[t]^2 + g Sin[θ[t]]) + g Cos[θ[t]] == R θ''[t];
IC1 = θ'[0] == 0; IC2 = θ[0] == 0;


sol = NDSolve[{EOM, IC1, IC2, μk [0] == 0.3,
WhenEvent[θ'[t] == 0, {μk[t] -> -μk[t], tf = t, "RestartIntegration"}]},
{θ[t], θ'[t], μk[t]}, {t, ti, 10}, DiscreteVariables -> μk];

tmax = Flatten[θ[t] /. sol /. t -> "Domain"] // Last;
Plot[Evaluate[{θ[t], θ'[t], μk[t]} /. sol], {t, ti, tmax}, ImageSize -> Large]

enter image description here


Note that the computation terminates with a NDSolve::ndsz error. Basically, the computation has become unstable. Method -> "StiffnessSwitching" does not help. Incidentally, "RestartIntegration" has no substantive effect in this computation and can be omitted.


Improved Solution



Based on additional information provided by the OP in comments below and in the question itself, a better approach is


g = 981/100; R = 1; ti = 0; m = 3/10; μ = 3/10;

EOM = -μ Sign[θ'[t]] (R θ'[t]^2 + g Sin[θ[t]]) + g Cos[θ[t]] == R θ''[t];
IC1 = θ'[0] == 0; IC2 = θ[0] == 0;

sol = NDSolve[{EOM, IC1, IC2}, {θ[t], θ'[t]}, {t, ti, 10}, WorkingPrecision -> 30];

Plot[Evaluate[{θ[t], θ'[t], μ Sign[θ'[t]]} /. sol], {t, ti, tmax}, ImageSize -> Large]


enter image description here


The two solutions are identical until θ'[t] == 0 at t == 2.062520756856687159564857914. In the earlier computation, WhenEvent causes μk to reverse sign, even though θ'[t] does not, thereby introducing negative friction. I have tried numerous WhenEvent options, as well as WorkingPrecision as high as 60 to resolve this issue, but without success. In conclusion, only the second solution is credible physically.


Comments

Popular posts from this blog

mathematical optimization - Minimizing using indices, error: Part::pkspec1: The expression cannot be used as a part specification

I want to use Minimize where the variables to minimize are indices pointing into an array. Here a MWE that hopefully shows what my problem is. vars = u@# & /@ Range[3]; cons = Flatten@ { Table[(u[j] != #) & /@ vars[[j + 1 ;; -1]], {j, 1, 3 - 1}], 1 vec1 = {1, 2, 3}; vec2 = {1, 2, 3}; Minimize[{Total@((vec1[[#]] - vec2[[u[#]]])^2 & /@ Range[1, 3]), cons}, vars, Integers] The error I get: Part::pkspec1: The expression u[1] cannot be used as a part specification. >> Answer Ok, it seems that one can get around Mathematica trying to evaluate vec2[[u[1]]] too early by using the function Indexed[vec2,u[1]] . The working MWE would then look like the following: vars = u@# & /@ Range[3]; cons = Flatten@{ Table[(u[j] != #) & /@ vars[[j + 1 ;; -1]], {j, 1, 3 - 1}], 1 vec1 = {1, 2, 3}; vec2 = {1, 2, 3}; NMinimize[ {Total@((vec1[[#]] - Indexed[vec2, u[#]])^2 & /@ R...

functions - Get leading series expansion term?

Given a function f[x] , I would like to have a function leadingSeries that returns just the leading term in the series around x=0 . For example: leadingSeries[(1/x + 2)/(4 + 1/x^2 + x)] x and leadingSeries[(1/x + 2 + (1 - 1/x^3)/4)/(4 + x)] -(1/(16 x^3)) Is there such a function in Mathematica? Or maybe one can implement it efficiently? EDIT I finally went with the following implementation, based on Carl Woll 's answer: lds[ex_,x_]:=( (ex/.x->(x+O[x]^2))/.SeriesData[U_,Z_,L_List,Mi_,Ma_,De_]:>SeriesData[U,Z,{L[[1]]},Mi,Mi+1,De]//Quiet//Normal) The advantage is, that this one also properly works with functions whose leading term is a constant: lds[Exp[x],x] 1 Answer Update 1 Updated to eliminate SeriesData and to not return additional terms Perhaps you could use: leadingSeries[expr_, x_] := Normal[expr /. x->(x+O[x]^2) /. a_List :> Take[a, 1]] Then for your examples: leadingSeries[(1/x + 2)/(4 + 1/x^2 + x), x] leadingSeries[Exp[x], x] leadingSeries[(1/x + 2 + (1 - 1/x...

What is and isn't a valid variable specification for Manipulate?

I have an expression whose terms have arguments (representing subscripts), like this: myExpr = A[0] + V[1,T] I would like to put it inside a Manipulate to see its value as I move around the parameters. (The goal is eventually to plot it wrt one of the variables inside.) However, Mathematica complains when I set V[1,T] as a manipulated variable: Manipulate[Evaluate[myExpr], {A[0], 0, 1}, {V[1, T], 0, 1}] (*Manipulate::vsform: Manipulate argument {V[1,T],0,1} does not have the correct form for a variable specification. >> *) As a workaround, if I get rid of the symbol T inside the argument, it works fine: Manipulate[ Evaluate[myExpr /. T -> 15], {A[0], 0, 1}, {V[1, 15], 0, 1}] Why this behavior? Can anyone point me to the documentation that says what counts as a valid variable? And is there a way to get Manpiulate to accept an expression with a symbolic argument as a variable? Investigations I've done so far: I tried using variableQ from this answer , but it says V[1...