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programming - Generating Gelfand-Tsetlin patterns


I am doing some research on some combinatorial object called GT-patterns. They are generated from three parts of data.



Two integer, partitions (sequences of weakly decreasing numbers), $\lambda = \lambda_1 \geq \lambda_2,\dotsc, \lambda_n \geq 0$ and $\mu = \mu_1 \geq \dotsc, \mu_n \geq 0$ such that $\lambda_i \geq \mu_i$, and vector of non-negative integers, $w = (w_1,\dotsc,w_k)$ such that $w_1+w_2+\dots + w_k = (\lambda_1+\dots + \lambda_n)-(\mu_1+\dots + \mu_n)$, generate all arrays where certain equalities and inequalities are satisfied, as in the example below:


Here, $\lambda = (4, 3, 3, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0)$, $\mu = (2, 2, 1)$, and $w = (3, 3, 2, 1)$. Note that we pad $\mu$ with zeros so that it has the same length as $\lambda$.


The arrays are constructed as follows: It consists of $k+1$ rows, the first row is $\lambda$ and the last row is $\mu$. The difference of the sum of the entries in row $i$ and $i+1$ must be equal to $w_{k-i+1}$. Thus, thus, in the example, going to 5th row to 4th row, the row sum increases by 3. 4th to 3rd is also an increase by 3, followed by 2 and 1.


That are all equalities that are needed to be satisfied. Now, the inequalities we require to be fulfilled are that each down-right diagonal is weakly decreasing, and each down-left diagonal is weakly increasing. All entries should be non-negative integers. All solutions for the example is given below:


GT-patterns


The output consists of the rows, (as a matrix).


I am also interested in the case where instead of specifying the row sums, we only specify the number of rows. The number of patterns that fit the requirement is still a finite number.


Thus, the method could be specified as follows:


FindGTPatterns[lambda_List, mu_List, w_List]
FindGTPatterns[lambda_List, mu_List, rows_Integer]


and the output is a list of matrices. The method I currently use is the one below. It is very straigthforward, it encodes the equalities and inequalities, and just use Reduce. This works ok, but when the number of solutions is large (>30000), Reduce cannot take it. Also, I strongly suspect that there is a more efficient solution that does not rely on Reduce.


(* ToTableauShape is a method that pads the partitions so that they have the same lenghts, and wars if total of lambda minus total of mu is not the total of w *)

GTPatterns[lambda_List, mu_List:{},weight_List:{}]:=GTPatterns[ToTableauShape[lambda,mu,weight]];
GTPatterns[lambda_List, mu_List:{},maxBox_Integer]:=GTPatterns[ToTableauShape[lambda,mu,{}],maxBox];
GTPatterns[lambda_List, maxBox_Integer]:=GTPatterns[ToTableauShape[lambda,{},{}],maxBox];

GTPatterns[TableauShape[lambda_, mu_, weight_],maxBoxIn_Integer:0]:=Module[
{w, h, x, gtp, bddconds, wconds=True, ineqs, sol,maxBox=maxBoxIn},


(* Calculate width, height, of GT-pattern. *)
w = Length[lambda];

(* If no weight or maxBox specified, then maxBox is the number of parts of lambda. *)
h = 1 + Which[
Length[weight] >0 , Length[weight],
maxBox > 0, maxBox,
True, w];


gtp = Table[x[r][c], {r, h, 1, -1}, {c, w}]; (* The GT-pattern *)

(* Boundary conditions. *)
bddconds = And @@ Table[x[h][c] == lambda[[c]] && x[1][c] == mu[[c]], {c, w}];

If[Length[weight]>0,
wconds = And @@ Table[ Sum[x[r + 1][c] - x[r][c], {c, w}] == weight[[r]], {r, h - 1}];
];

(* Inequalities that must hold. *)

ineqs = And @@ Flatten[Table[
If[r < h, x[r + 1][c] >= x[r][c], True] &&
If[r < h && c < w, x[r][c] >= x[r + 1][c + 1], True] , {r, h}, {c, w}]];

sol = Reduce[bddconds && ineqs && wconds, Flatten@gtp, Integers];

If[sol===False, Return[{}]];

sol = gtp /. List[ToRules[sol]];
Return[GTPattern/@sol];

];

On a side note, these patterns are called Gelfand-Tsetlin patterns, and are related to representation theory in mathematics. I asked another question related to these earlier here, and got some really nice algorithms related to doing computations on these types of patterns.


Side note: In what I am doing, I am trying things for $m=1,2,3,...$ and examine all $\lambda$ where the total is $m$, and for each such $\lambda$, examine all $\mu$ and $w$ that fits the requirements, I examine all patterns. Currently, up to $m=8$ is ok, but after that, it takes too much time.


Of course, for some parameters $\lambda,\mu,w$ the set of patterns can be empty. If you have a nice description on WHEN this happens, you can write an article (but I think this is proven to be NP-hard in $m$).




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