mathematical optimization - Fitting one function to another

I'd like to see how close I can fit an exponential function to a cosine function in the domain of $\;-\frac{\pi}{2}$ to $\frac{\pi}{2}$ in the least squares sense.

FindFit[Cos[x], {A*Exp[l*(Cos[x] - 1)], -π/2 <= x <= π/2}, {A, l},  x]

FindFit::fitd: First argument Cos[x] in FindFit is not a list or a rectangular array.

I could create a table for Cos[x] to pass as the first parameter but I feel like I'm approaching this wrong and should be able to give Mathematica my problem in symbolic form. Perhaps, I should try Minimize but I didn't get any results out of it.

Minimize[{(Cos[x] - A*Exp[l*(Cos[x] - 1)])^2, -π/2 <= x <= π/2}, {A, l, x}]

Minimize[{(-A E^(l (-1 + Cos[x])) + Cos[x])^2, -π/2 <= x <= π/2}, {A, l, x}]

Answer

You can do the integral symbolically, then minimize numerically:

distance = 
 Integrate[(A*Exp[l*(Cos[x] - 1)] - Cos[x])^2, {x, -Pi/2, Pi/2}, 
  Assumptions -> (A | l) \[Element] Reals]

{min, sol} = NMinimize[distance, {A, l}]

Plot[{A*Exp[l*(Cos[x] - 1)], Cos[x]} /. sol // Evaluate, {x, -Pi/2, Pi/2}, 
  Filling -> {1 -> {2}}, PlotStyle -> Black]

enter image description here

Comments

plotting - Filling between two spheres in SphericalPlot3D

Manipulate[ SphericalPlot3D[{1, 2 - n}, {θ, 0, Pi}, {ϕ, 0, 1.5 Pi}, Mesh -> None, PlotPoints -> 15, PlotRange -> {-2.2, 2.2}], {n, 0, 1}] I cant' seem to be able to make a filling between two spheres. I've already tried the obvious Filling -> {1 -> {2}} but Mathematica doesn't seem to like that option. Is there any easy way around this or ... Answer There is no built-in filling in SphericalPlot3D . One option is to use ParametricPlot3D to draw the surfaces between the two shells: Manipulate[ Show[SphericalPlot3D[{1, 2 - n}, {θ, 0, Pi}, {ϕ, 0, 1.5 Pi}, PlotPoints -> 15, PlotRange -> {-2.2, 2.2}], ParametricPlot3D[{ r {Sin[t] Cos[1.5 Pi], Sin[t] Sin[1.5 Pi], Cos[t]}, r {Sin[t] Cos[0 Pi], Sin[t] Sin[0 Pi], Cos[t]}}, {r, 1, 2 - n}, {t, 0, Pi}, PlotStyle -> Yellow, Mesh -> {2, 15}]], {n, 0, 1}]

plotting - Plot 4D data with color as 4th dimension

I have a list of 4D data (x position, y position, amplitude, wavelength). I want to plot x, y, and amplitude on a 3D plot and have the color of the points correspond to the wavelength. I have seen many examples using functions to define color but my wavelength cannot be expressed by an analytic function. Is there a simple way to do this? Answer Here a another possible way to visualize 4D data: data = Flatten[Table[{x, y, x^2 + y^2, Sin[x - y]}, {x, -Pi, Pi,Pi/10}, {y,-Pi,Pi, Pi/10}], 1]; You can use the function Point along with VertexColors . Now the points are places using the first three elements and the color is determined by the fourth. In this case I used Hue, but you can use whatever you prefer. Graphics3D[ Point[data[[All, 1 ;; 3]], VertexColors -> Hue /@ data[[All, 4]]], Axes -> True, BoxRatios -> {1, 1, 1/GoldenRatio}]

plotting - Adding a thick curve to a regionplot

Suppose we have the following simple RegionPlot: f[x_] := 1 - x^2 g[x_] := 1 - 0.5 x^2 RegionPlot[{y < f[x], f[x] < y < g[x], y > g[x]}, {x, 0, 2}, {y, 0, 2}] Now I'm trying to change the curve defined by $y=g[x]$ into a thick black curve, while leaving all other boundaries in the plot unchanged. I've tried adding the region $y=g[x]$ and playing with the plotstyle, which didn't work, and I've tried BoundaryStyle, which changed all the boundaries in the plot. Now I'm kinda out of ideas... Any help would be appreciated! Answer With f[x_] := 1 - x^2 g[x_] := 1 - 0.5 x^2 You can use Epilog to add the thick line: RegionPlot[{y < f[x], f[x] < y < g[x], y > g[x]}, {x, 0, 2}, {y, 0, 2}, PlotPoints -> 50, Epilog -> (Plot[g[x], {x, 0, 2}, PlotStyle -> {Black, Thick}][[1]]), PlotStyle -> {Directive[Yellow, Opacity[0.4]], Directive[Pink, Opacity[0.4]],

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